Physical properties of monosaccharides
1. Color& Shape
- Monosaccharides are colourless and crystalline compound.
2.Solubility
- They are readily soluble in water.
3. Taste
- Sweet taste.
4. Stereo Isomerism
- The presence of asymmetric C atom in a compound give rise to formation of isomers of that compound.
-The Compound are identical in composition and differ only in spatial configuration-Stereo Isomers.

CHO
|
|
H-C-OH
|
OH-C-H
|
H-C-OH
|
H-C-OH
|
CH2OH

D-GLUCOSE

CHO
|
HO-C-H
|
H-C-OH
|
HO-C-H
|
HO-C-H
|
CH2OH

L-GLUCOSE

D and L glucose are mirror image of each other.

5.Optical isomerism

A beam of ordinary light may be regarded as bundle of electromagnetic waves vibrating in all direction perpendicular to axis of the beam.
When such abeam of light is made to pass through a nicol prism all vibration except those in one plane are eliminated. This is called Polarized light
when such abeam of light is passed through a solution of an optical isomer and if the plane polarized light is found to left - levorotatory

if plane polarized light is passed to be right - dextrorotatory
Polarimeter - Instrument by which the specific rotation of optical isomers are detected .
Expression of Optical Activity
Optical resolution to left i.e levorotation is expressed with sign l- and rotation to right i.e dextrorotation is expressed as d+ .
Racemic Mixture
When equal amount of d+and l- isomers are present no optical activity . Such a mixture is called Racemic mixture.
Resolution
The Seperation of optically active isomers from a racemic mixture is called Resolution.

CARBOHYDRATE

Carbohydrates are defined as the polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone and their derivatives.

- It consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in the form of C_nH_2nO_n.

- Carbohydrates are widely distributed in plants in which they obtained from CO₂ from atmosphere and water from photosynthesis.

- Plants use carbohydrates as precursor for synthesis of protein, lipids and other organic compound.

- Animals obtained carbohydrates from plants.

Functions

1. It supplies energy for body function and for doing work.

2. They are structural components of many organisms.

3. Some carbohydrates are present as tissue constituent.

4. Starch forms main source of carbohydrates in the diet.

Classification of carbohydrates

1. Monosaccharide

2. Disaccharides

3. Oligosaccharides

4. Polysaccharides

Monosaccharide (saccharin- sugar)

- It is a simple sugar.

- All the compounds are ends with suffix – ose

- They are classified based on the number of carbon atoms they are

1. Triose

2. Tetrose

3. Pentose

4. Hexose

5. Heptose

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Aldoses	Ketoses
Trioses (C3H6O3) D-Glyceraldehyde CHO H-C-OH CH2OH Tetrose (C4H8O4) D-Erthryose CHO H-C-OH H-C-OH CH2OH	D-Dihydroxyacetone CH2OH C=O CH2OH D-Erythrulose CH2OH C=O H-C-OH CH2OH

Aldoses	Ketoses
Penotse (C5H10O5) D-Ribose CHO H-C-OH H-C-OH H-C-OH CH2OH Hexose (C6H12­O6) D-Glucose CHO H-C-OH HO-C-H H-C-OH H-C-OH CH2OH	D-Ribulose CH2OH C=O H-C-OH H-C-OH CH2OH D-Fructose CH2OH C=O OH-C-H H-C-OH H-C-OH CH2OH